Friday, January 1, 2021

HAPPY REUNION


Vijitha woke up early in the morning, as it was her regular habit. She went for her morning stroll and came back. She started to sweep the surroundings of the house. While sweeping, many ideas were coursing through her mind:

"I keep the surroundings very neat...The neatness in the surroundings depends on my act of sweeping."

"Credit goes to me for keeping my surroundings tidy..."

"I'm only the person to sweep the surroundings... I'm also meant for the tidiness of the house inside."

After sweeping the floor, she went to the kitchen and started preparing food. She was proud of her preparation of food items, waking up early. She felt credit for that. She was busy while many ideas were coursing through her mental horizon:

"I prepare food items on my own unlike others in my neighborhood to have cooks... I'm very special in preparation..."

"The food I prepare satiates the hunger of all the members especially my husband in my family..."

"The water I filter everyday quenches their thirsts..."

"Without me their hungers and thirsts remain unfulfilled..."

"How great I'm!"

"My husband, Vishvajith does not know how to sweep...He doesn't know how to cook also... He doesn't know how to light the stove even..."

"Though he lights the stove, he cant prepare meals...Though he prepares food, he spoils the food items."

"Once the food he was preparing was burning...When he smelt the burning smell he rushed to the stove and found everything becoming ashes...He himself told me about this incident openly..."

"If I don't prepare meals, he's to go on fast... He's to starve himself..."

"He totally depends on me..."

"I'm doing many things for my husband..."

"If I were not there to do all the work...what would happen to him...?"

"He can't bear my absence... He never tells me frankly about his unpleasant experiences in my absence... The fact is very surprising to me..."

"He never realizes the fact...Even then I tried to make him realize..., he doesn't care for my words stating the fact... "

"I'm great...but he doesn't realize my greatness..."

"He can't live without me even for a day too..."

"When he totally depends on me, he can declare my greatness to me."

... ... ... .. ..

Vijitha always felt superior to her husband as he totally depended on her. She used to keep all the food items ready by the time Vishvajith woke up every morning. He got ready for his office. After having delicious and sumptuous meals, he went to his office happily. She always thought that he was successful as an officer only because of her services to him.   

Later Vijitha had meals.  While having meals, she thought of how she prepared meals for her husband. Her mind was full of thoughts to appreciate her,
 
"My husband gets ready and has delicious meals happily."

"He goes to office only to sit in his chamber and comes back..."

"Is he doing any hard work like me...He does not know any trouble..."

"Why doesn't he praise me when I do all these services to him...?"

"Perhaps he thinks that I feel superior...Definitely I am superior to my husband though he accepts or does not accept my superiority... It is real...I need certification by him everyday..."

"Behind every man's progress and success, there is a woman...This is a noted fact... I firmly believe in it but my husband never realizes it... It's a fact though expressed or unexpressed by him..."

Such were the feelings of Vijitha. She waited for her husband's appreciation. She never thought that it was every woman's work or role. She was not a special. She lived in her realm of thoughts about his dependency on her.
 
Vijitha thought that her husband Vishvajith was not doing hard work in the office. He was sitting in his cushioned seat and signing the files in green ink. He was enjoying the comforts and luxuries of his A/C room while she was always doing a lot of labor and service to him.

Vijitha was just a homemaker. She was proud of doing household chores. She did not know that she was to amuse him by her delightful talk and warm affection in addition to his activities. In stead, she felt haughty for fulfilling his physical facilities. She never thought or tried to think on the lines of harmony in the family, playing her due role. For her, preparing meals and sweeping the house were main chores. She thought it was her service of distinction and so she claimed superiority to her husband.

The company awarded Vishvajith 'Officer Excellence Award'. In the function to receive the award, he took her along with him when it wanted him to come with his family. He received the award in the presence of his wife, Vijitha.

All the officers extolled Vishvajith for his invaluable services in the development of the company,

"Vishvajith is a sincere officer... He's punctual and regular, sincere and hard working, healthy and dynamic. There are many more merits when we can talk of him. I congratulate him on receiving the award," said an employee in the company.

"Hearty congratulations to Vishvajith... I am very proud of him...Our company has very good reputation because of him...Credit goes to him," said another employee.

"Vishvajith is doing wonders... What all the people say, 'Behind everyman's success, there is a woman.' He deserves a lot of appreciation...In the appreciation, his wife Vijitha has the lion's share in the appreciation he has...I feel that credit goes to his wife also...," said a woman employee in the company."

When the employees referred to Vijitha, ascribing her husband, Vishvajith's success to her, she was feeling pride. She raised her eyebrows appreciating herself in her heart. Her happiness knew no bounds. She smiled to herself feeling superiority. 

All the employees congratulated Vishvajith on the occasion. Vishvajith thanked them profusely for their appreciation. He promised to win many more laurels to the company in the presence of the General Manager.

Vishvajith and Vijitha came back. It was time for them to have lunch at home.
 
Vijitha wanted to express her feelings to her husband, Vishvajith. During lunch that day, she started her conversation with him,

"Vishvajith, before congratulating you, I can congratulate myself..."

"You can..."

"Vishvajith, your company employee appreciated me for your success, saying that behind a man's success there is a woman..." 

"Yes..."

"All recognize my relentless service to you... All except you recognize my service to you. Why don't you do so...?"

"When others appreciate your relentless service...what more do we want?"

"I want myself appreciated more and more by you...You're punctual to your office as I prepare meals rising early...and see that you go to the office and reach home on time. You're regular and punctual to your office...as I wake up early everyday though I'm sick or weak. You're healthy as my food preparations are good. You're regular to your office as I keep you active. You're able to work hard...You're dynamic for you eat the food I prepare sumptuously and deliciously..."

"Yes..."

"Your just 'yes' does not please me...It doesn't gladden my heart...So far you've never recognized my invaluable service to you openly and publicly...You would have told it in your felicitation function...You didn't utter a single word appreciating me in the felicitation function.."

Vishvajith was silent... The idea to appreciate her did not arise in his mind in the function as he always thought of his plans in the company development to express them in the function, as he was an officer of dedication.

"Vijitha, let's watch a film of your choice with the matinee at a theater...Then..." 

"Vishvajith, you want the first show then you want all the others...I know all. Why don't you accept your dependence on me...?" 

Vijitha went on forcing Vishvajith to recognize her relentless service to him and declare it in the public that he was not able to do any thing and get any award without her role as wife, 

"You would have told all that in the function that I was responsible for your success...and your greatness..."

"I felt like promising the Manager and promised the development of the company. I thought of the ways how to win many more laurels for the office...That was my main..."

"I know...You never appreciate my greatness..."

"Is it not enough to you if I get fame and I become a public character...?"

"My service to you is the success bestowed on you...?"

"That's your role as wife...Do you say that it is service...?"

"Yes, I fulfill your needs... That's my service..."

"That's your role as wife..."

"I do household chores... I fed our children up to their primary school stage ..."

"That is your role as wife... To run the circus of our family is my part...You know what my role is."

"You're going to office when I prepare all for you..."

"That'ss your role... That is not at all special...We two have our own roles in the family... The roles are complementary to each other... Without one, the other is not complete." 

  "What is your role? According to me, you go to office, sit in the A/C room and sign the files in green ink...You come back...I fulfill all your needs...It's my relentless, invaluable service... It's unrewarded service... It goes unrewarded against my wish... It shouldn't go futile like that..."

"Wife and husband form a family... That's the family concept: one plus one is one... We are not separate... We need not appreciate each other when we are one... We're one in the family...for the family. Whatever I do and whatever you do, are important for our family... "

"I don't understand what you say...You've to recognize my service and appreciate me in the public...You don't do it...I don't like it...You don't do that when you aren't able to live or spend a day without me... You can't live without me...It is my challenge."

... ... ... ... ...

Vijitha left for her mother's house as a surprise to Vashvajith, causing her absence in the house. He was able to guess where she had gone. She did not tell her own people why she had come there. Her brother with his wife was happy to receive her. Time passed to tell her that they had stopped giving due regard to her and her presence. 

All were spending and enjoying themselves as per their wishes but not Vijitha's. They were buying whatever they wanted. 

Vijitha might have forgotten the ATM card of her husband, Vishvajith or she might have felt that she did not want his money. She might have thought that it was a prestige question for her. She had no way to get money nor did they give her money to spend like them. She depended on them for all the things. They sometimes paid deaf ear to her interests. She recalled her freedom in spending money in her husband's house. 

On the eve of Kartika Pournami, the full moon day celebrations, all the women were celebrating the fete of women in a befitting manner. Her sister-in-law was celebrating the occasion. She bought all the things for herself. For that occasion, the women were invitees. 

Vijitha's girlhood friend, Sonam came to attend the celebrations in her brother's house. Sonam had a glance at Vijitha. It was a startling surprise for her to find her after a long time.

Sonam was Vijitha's classmate. She studied there and married a boy of that place. There was no necessity for her to go to another place in her marriage. She came to the function. She glimpsed Vijitha and hugged her, expressing her feelings:

"What a surprise to find you here!" said Sonam.

"Just casual...I miss you..."

"I too have the feeling of missing you... After a long time, I'm seeing you...I'm happy indeed," said Sonam.

"Thank you..."

"I'm glad that you are here...You can come here once in two years..."

"I'm busy doing household chores and fulfilling physical facilities of my family. All appreciate me for my busy schedule but..."

"But...tell all..."

"My husband, Viswajith never appreciates my restless services to him... When he got an award for his exemplary service... he didn't appreciate me for my busy service to him..."

"Congratulations to him...My congratulations are due to him."

"An employee congratulated me on Vishvajith's success saying 'Behind a man's success there is a woman.' Vishvajith didn't congratulate me in the function on the occasion... After coming back, I demanded him to congratulate me in the house on my busy activities and model service that bestowed on him many awards..."  

  "You're busy with these activities... Apart from these we can do more for the harmony of a family..."
 
"What...?"

"Apart from these, I fulfill the interests of my children and my husband. My husband is interested in music. I make him listen to the music he likes most. I look after him until he sleeps.  Whenever he proposes an outing, I am ready to go with him...I give him my pleasurable company... I prepare the food items that he likes most. I feel pleasure in it. Still I feel like giving some more pleasures as wife to offer my husband all pleasures."

Sujitha went on hearing what Sonam went on telling. She was just listening. She did not ask her to continue her conversation. Perhaps she wanted her to stop her telling some more.  

"It's my pleasure...my role as wife...It doesn't mean that he depends on me and I do relentless work for him... It's my utmost pleasure...His pleasure is my pleasure. My pleasure is his pleasure...What more do we want?"

Sujitha was still silent. Sonam tried to know about her and her husband,

"What are your husband's interests?"

"My husband is interested in listening to music, picnicking amid nature's beauties and sculptures' wonders and enjoying movies... He always talks of those interests to be away from his boredom resulted in mundane realities and routine actualities..."

"That's right...What he talks of is right."

"My husband is an officer...He's no laborious work...I've to do many works. I've to reduce, as I must look after myself... My labour doesn't reward me suitably. I'm for my self...This is my principle...This is my mother's advice too."

"You think that you're doing all...but you aren't doing all what he wants...what he needs..."

"What more should I do for him, neglecting my health all my life?"

"Do you ever try to arrange any sweet talk... sweet music, letting him enjoy it...?"

"I'm busy watching my own TV programmes on astrology and Panchangam (calendar) to know what happens to me today and what will happen to me in the future..."

"Is he interested in it...?"

"No..."

"Do you happen to welcome his wish to go on picnics to watch nature and sculpture...and so on?"

    "I get tired of doing house hold chores to fulfill the needs of my family... When I get tired, I need rest..."

"Doesn't he  need rest...?"

"He's abundant rest in his office as he just signs files..."

"Rest does not mean undoing what you need for the pleasure of each other...What you work is not bonded labor... It's daily routine... We feel so while doing our minimum works and fulfilling our basic needs... To forget that monotony, you should resort to picnic destinations to be away from monotony for you both...You should feast your eyes by the sight of nature and sculpture wonders. You will be away from monotony..."

"I too know it..."
  
"A happy family...The concept of a happy family...that is what I know... Wife's role and husband's role are complementary to each other. They're for one-plus-one is one. Your role as wife--many in one: mother to nurture, sister to counsel, servant-maid to serve, lover to delight and so on...You're like milk...pure milk...milk with the sweet blend of water...not like milky water or watery milk...artificial milk...available, salable today."

Vijitha was silent. Sonam went on telling her many more things with full of joys,
 
"In my case, I guide my husband in his office works... I advise him in many ways whenever he has tensions. He has various problems in the office. When he comes back, I welcome him with my smiles. I try to give him all the pleasures that bestow on him peace and joy to be free from the problems he faces..."

"We've got our own problems of sweeping, cleaning, cooking and others."

"These are not problems. These are common chores of everyone...You want to say that these are problems... That's the part of our lives... duties performed by us as wives."
 
"Vishvajith never realizes so"

"His success is your success, the success of your family. We should prove that there is a woman behind man's success, progress and happiness."  

Meanwhile her brother's wife called Sonam to join her celebrations. Then Vijitha also joined her celebrations without any invitation to her. She participated in the celebrations mechanically.
 
Sonam's message on the concept of marriage and the harmony of a family was ringing in the ears of Vijitha. It was enlightening for her. She self-examined her role as wife in the family and thought that it was not complete. There was a great awakening in her. She called her husband on the phone after the gap of three months,

"Vishvajith, I'm coming back today... Please wait to receive me at the railway station...I'm sure that our life will be a happy and peaceful one in our happy reunion."                                                                       

Published
ENGLIT
An International English Literary Journal
1st Year 2021

Sunday, November 1, 2020

Love - the Key of Life

Those were the auspicious days for marriages. Anand and his wife, Anuradha were in search of a suitable match for their beautiful daughter Anushka. They wished her that she should live happily and comfortably. They thought of the ways and the situations to achieve perfect happiness for her. She should live happily with her would-be husband.

The parents too had a son named Anurag who had already married and was working as a Software Engineer at a company of high repute in the city of Hyderabad.

Anand and Anuradha thought that they were ideal as they thought like the parents in the twenty-first century. They thought of the ways:

"The life-partner of my daughter should be very handsome."

"He should be either a doctor or an engineer from an aristocratic family."

"He should have a class job to draw a high salary."

"He should have immovable properties in the city and about a hundred acres of land in the village by the roadside."

"He shouldn't have parents and sisters."

The parents went to many national, state and local marriage bureaus and registered as members, paying big amounts. They did not give the complete details of their daughter in the profile. They made up their mind to give the details to the boy of their choice after the selection was over. They at the same time told the managers of the bureaus to give a special preference to their daughter Anushka in finding a very suitable match, promising them tip after the marriage.

The parents searched for a match without parents. They did not find a match without parents. Then they tried a match without sisters but failed to get. They decided to compromise with a match having parents and sisters. They wished that the parents and sisters should be away from his daughter, Anushka.

Although the parents, Anand amd Anuradha could not find a suitable match for a long time, they did not try to call for any match. They had a lot of confidence that the boy would come to them definitely. 

On a fine day, the manager of a famous marriage bureau called Anand and Anuradha and informed a suitable match for their daughter, Anushka.

"A suitable match is there for your daughter, Anushka but the thing is that the boy has parents and a sister."

"I see... Do the parents stay in the place the boy works?" said Anand

"They live in the village looking after fields," 

"Very good...You didn't tell about the sister?"

"I doubted that you would ask this question...That is why I enquired about her studies... She completed her studies. The parents are searching for a match for her," said the manager.

"She'll get married and go way to her in-laws. I wish that she should get a match in Delhi not in Hyderabad where my son Anurag is working. Very good, your preferred match for my daughter, Anushka, is also working in Hyderabad...Well done, I welcome your wise preference," said Anand happily. 

"Okay I give the match, Akash your details. They contact you on the phone before they come to you," said the manager of the bureau.

The boy Akash with her parents Raghuram and Janaki came to Anushka's house after informing her parents. Anand with his near and dear waited at the gate and received them to the house. They directed them to the hall. There were four big sofas for twelve people to accommodate. All sat in the hall. It was time for Anushka to appear before the boy with her scintillating appearance. 

As per the auspicious time, Anushka appeared and occupied her seat specially arranged for her to sit. She was very beautiful as per the dreams of Akash. He was in very good impressions about the girl.

Akash felt like telling Anushka, "I love you." He did not tell so but he smiled to her heartily, giving a chance to his parents to speak to her.

Meanwhile, Raghuram and Janaki asked her to tell her name and study details. Anushka told them her name and her study details.

Anushka smiled all the time, looking at Akash. It all seemed that they were ready for their marriage. The smiles of the boy and the girl were a clear sign of their liking each other very much.

"We like the girl," said the parents, Raghuram and Janaki 

Akash felt that he had ascended the first step in the marriage process.

After discussing certain things, they fixed a date for the marriage. Akash felt that he had ascended another step. When the date of their marriage was near, he felt on the top of the world.

Within that short period before their marriage, Akash and Anushka spoke to each other several times. He sometimes visited her before their marriage. He did not find any objection in visiting Anushka. 

Their marriage was a big celebration in the city-famous function hall. The guests were in seats leaving no seat vacant. Amid the tunes of musical lutes and drums, the priest (Purohith) was chanting marriage mantras. As per the auspicious time, Akash tied the holy knot to her neck when she bowed her head in grace. Her face glittered with smiles. Later she lifted her beautiful face and looked at him, smiling heartily. All the guests blessed the newly married couple while Anuradha and Anand looked successful as they got a match as per their wish.

Akash was very happy. His parents were also happy. The parents of the couple met their guests in the function-hall and thanked them for attending the marriage. 

The photographer was busy taking photos of the couple during all the stages of the marriage as he was to arrest all the memorable scenes in the camera. 

There was a call that the dinner was ready for the guests. They had sumptuous food items to their choice. After having dinner, they left the function hall.

Marriage celebrations came to end with the new couple. There was the loveliest scene of the bridegroom's showing the star of Arundhati to the bride in the skyline. Anushka saw the star Arundhati in the sky when Akash was showing it, by raising his hand. The photographer cared a lot to photograph this picture very realistically. 

Later, the new couple sought the blessings of their parents and all elders. All, the parents of the new couple, and near and dear blessed them happily. 

The couple, Akash and Anushka had meals along with their parents, and near and dear. Anushka was busy speaking to her husband, Akash. 

Raghuram and Janaki sat with their son Akash and their daughter-in-law, Anushka were sitting separately to relax for a while after their being busy and tired of marriage preparations. Their faces were aglow with the wedding joys. They were happy for their son Akash to have married the girl of his choice. They congratulated their son and daughter-in-law very happily,

"Live a long life in all joys in the sojourn of married life."

"Thank you," said the couple, touching their feet.

They fell in a casual conversation about the future in the wake of his son's marriage, celebrated grandly.

"Dear parents, you've been in the village looking after agriculture. You spent all your days in toil. You can relax by giving the lands for lease and stay with me in the city," said Akash to his parents.

"We're also planning in that way," said Raghuram and Janaki.

Meanwhile Anand and Anuradha joined them, taking their seats. 

"I'm very happy that you stay with us happily retiring from farming," said Akash with a glittering smile in his face.

Akash looked at Anushka to see happiness in her face on the happy occasion.

"My dear brother, Raghuram is interested in agriculture very much. I heard about him highly in the village," said Anuradha.

"Yes...he, my brother-in-law is a model farmer...He's an inspiration to his fellow farmers," said Anand.

"He's a model farmer. He got the best farmer ('Uttama Karshak') award. The people in the village revere him," said Anuradha.

"Who else has got that honor in the region?" said Anand.

"My brother, Raghuram got it...I'm proud of him," said Anuradha.

"Congratulations, my dear uncle. I heard about your greatness for the first time," said Anushka with all smiles.

"Now it is the time for marriage procession. Get ready. All are waiting for the couple,' said Anurag coming to them.

Akash and Anushka were in the car, decked superbly to suit the occasion.

The marriage procession, "Baraath" started in a grand manner. The people joined them while the musical pipes and drums were going on. The enthusiastic youths danced to the tunes of songs of the films released recently. The marriage party came to the boy, Akash's village. 

The girl, Anushka entered the in-laws house with a selfish goal. She was from a rich family. As per her plan, her in-laws should stay separately. She planned to live with her husband happily. 

Raghuram and Janaki went along with their son Akash and daughter-in-law, Anushka to stay in their house in the city of Hyderabad as per their plan.

Anand and Anuradha with their son Anurag came to them and lived with them for some days. They secretly put their efforts in reaching their selfish goal.

Two months hardly passed. One night, Anushka and Akash were busy to settle an issue in a heated discussion,

"Dear Akash, I don't want to live here...You've another building in the city, Let's live in that building," said Anushka.

"Why...?," said Akash.

"That building is near your office," said Anushka.

"With my parents...," said Akash.

"You don't know many things. For a marital life, we should have privacy. You never feel so and realize so," said Anushka, shouting.

Raghuram and Janaki heard her shouting. They understood why she had not been speaking to them for some days. They recalled what her parents had said on the day of the marriage. They made up their mind to go to their village to look after the farming in the village. 

The next morning, they called their son, Akash. He joined them after a considerable lapse of time.

"Dear son, Akash... I feel like watching my fields. I feel like living in my house in the village," said Raghuram.

"Yes, we want to go our village..." said Janaki.

"We'll be happy there, working in green fields and watching nature filled with the sights and sounds of chirpings of birds," said Raghuram.

Raghuram and Janaki went to their native place and lived there.

Time passed on its wheels to witness Akash and Anushka blessed with the twins named Rashmika and Rasika,. They were school going to study in their first standard. They were brilliant. They drew the attention of the teachers and the Principal by their cuteness and goodness.

One day, the teacher informed the children that there would be the Grand Parents' Day celebrations on the sixteenth of this month after two days, saying

"The children, Rashmika and Rasika, Bring your grand parents to the Grand Parents' Day celebrations this time. You did not bring your grand parents last year." said the class teacher. 

The children recalled what happened the last year,

"Mummy, call my grand parents," said the children.

"Shut up...Don't talk of your grand parents," said Anushka.

In that way, the children did not force their grand parents to the function last year. 

After listening to the teacher's instructions to bring their grand parents, this year, the children went home. They told their parents about the Grand Parents Day celebrations after two days.

The children forced the parents to show their grand parents as they saw their friends enjoying the company of their grand parents on the eve of the Grand Parents' Day last year. They wanted to see our grand parents this year. 

"Without grand parents, we do not want to go to school this time," said the children earnestly. 

They got the phone number of their grand father, 'Raghuram in their father' mobile. They called him from Akash's mobile, speaking to him,

"You and grand ma... should come... to attend... the Grand Parents' Day without fail... This programme starts... at 10 o'clock sharp. You should be here... by 8 o'clock sharp... on the sixteenth, the day after tomorrow. If you don't come, we don't go to school," said the Rashmika and Rasika. 

The previous night and the early morning at 4 o'clock on that day of the Grand Parents Day celebrations, the children reminded their grand parents to come without fail.

Raghuram and Janaki got ready and went to their grand children by car as per the promise. They reached there by 8 o'clock. The grandchildren rushed to them and hugged them happily, saying 

"Thank you, grand pa, grand ma"  

All including Anushka and Akash went to the school. They Principal and the staff received them with due regard,

"Welcome, sir"

The programme went on successfully. The children talked on the occasion, Grand Parents' Day.

Then the Principal came to the dais and spoke nicely to the gathering on the importance of Grand Parents' Day.

"Nowadays, the relation between the grand children and grand parents is missing. The grand parents have a lot of love for their grand children. There is no chance for them to evince their love for their grand children, as they are not living together. Family does not mean parents and children. It includes the grand parents to show their love for their grand children. Then it is a complete family and all have to welcome the gesture heartily."

Anushka listened to the Principal attentively and realized her mistake in ill-treating her in-laws. Anushka only said,

"Grand parents are the members of a family." 

"I'm not just the daughter of my parents, wife of my husband, Akash, mother of my children, Rashmika and Rasika but also the daughter-in-law of my parents-in-law, Raghuram and Janaki. This is my role."

"My children's love for their grand parents, Raghuram and Janaki transformed me into a good wife to her husband, Akash, a good daughter-in-law to them, her husband's parents to be a good mother to my children and good woman to the women world."

"Every woman is a power to promote her family, in turn into the world family for peaceful existence of man's race."

Published
CLRI Contemporary Literary Review India
Nov-2020 Vol. 7 No. 4

Speaking, the Skill of Skills: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract

Speaking is primarily the skill of skills by which one expresses one’s feelings, ideas, reflections, thoughts, etc. Grammatical accuracy, phonetic proficiency and non-verbal efficiency are the means of effective communication. Crying, grumbling, bemoaning, shouting, etc are also indirect forms for the expression of one’s emotions, feelings, reactions, anger, pain, etc. By means of gestures, postures, signs and so on also express certain ideas. Emotional cries include sounds and expressions to signify the influence of joy, fear, anger, surprise, pain, wonder, shock, sorrow, etc by means of interjections. There are social utterances like greetings, polite expressions, utterances, words of emotions, claps, semi-linguistic noises, etc to communicate certain feelings, ideas, etc. One can achieve the art of effective communication, especially as a student by practicing the other activities like story telling, joking, group discussions, debates, JAM sessions and so on.

The students with ordinary skills have stock expressions like 'thank you', 'sorry', 'Happy New Year, etc by which they convey their thoughts. The students with moderate skills mark a clear-cut difference in the level of their communication. The students with good skills certainly have an edge over those with moderate skills, as they are good at grammar and pronunciation. The students with excellent skills stand better as their communication reflects their body language apart from the correctness of language and the aptness of pronunciation. By virtue of communication skills, they can achieve the reward of employment and career in life. 

Keywords: Art of speaking, phonetic proficiency, non-verbal efficiency, effective communication, communication skill.

Introduction
Speaking is primarily the skill of skills and the gift of gifts of man. One expresses one’s feelings, ideas, reflections, thoughts, etc. by virtue of the skill of speaking. The art of speaking that plays the most vital role in the expression of ideas, thoughts and feelings and so on depends on the key factors: the correctness of language, the aptness of pronunciation and the positive body language. One can therefore build up one’s career par excellence by virtue of grammatical accuracy, phonetic proficiency and non-verbal efficiency. One should practice all speaking activities to achieve spontaneity and fluency.

Language, the Vehicle of Expression and its Skills
Language is an instrument or vehicle to ventilate one’s thoughts, feelings and so on. One speaks out one’s thoughts, feelings and reflections aloud in a social set-up through language. All such mental acts, therefore, take the form of speaking, the verbal expression in the form of a language. When one expresses thoughts, feelings, and so on, others listen to them by means of attentive listening. Speaking and listening go simultaneously for the communication of thoughts, feelings and so on. 

Listening and speaking are the primary skills and reading and writing, secondary skills and advanced skills. Of all the four skills, the art of speaking plays the most significant role and none can deny its prominence at all. It is primarily the skill of skills for communication. One can impress people more by speaking to them in person or on the phone than by the letter of correspondence, the art of writing. Only human beings have the art of communication as Palmer calls human beings “homo sapiens”. It is the art of speaking which human beings acquire naturally when they step into the world. On its advent, the baby attracts the attention of the near and dear by crying, which is a human being’s primary form of speaking. There are other forms of speaking like crying, grumbling, bemoaning, shouting, etc to express one’s emotions, feelings, reactions, anger, pain, sorrow, etc.

Symbolic and Gesture Communication (without utterances):
Gestures, signs, colors, postures, etc. serve as symbols to express certain ideas. Primarily language is according to R. H. Robin’s: General Linguistics, ‘a symbol system’ since words act as symbols that are concrete signs to stand for abstract ideas. By learning this, we can say that not only words but also gestures, postures, smiles, signs, colors, etc. express ideas, feelings and so on. For example, one expresses ‘yes’ by nodding the head and ‘no’ by shaking the head. In the same way, the concrete sign of the cross stands for Christianity. A skull and two bones laid across stand for danger and the wearing of black clothes, for mourning. The three colors of the tri-color (the Indian flag): saffron, white, and green are symbolic of toil and sacrifice, peace and green crops respectively. Similarly, the signals at the crossroads by means of colors: red, orange and green stand differently: the red to stop, the orange to get ready and green to proceed. Gestures like signs express certain ideas more effectively than words. Postures express moods. The signs of body language, therefore, speak volumes and various expressions.

Sounds and Utterances Communication
Emotional cries include ‘sounds’ and expressions to signify the ‘influence of joy, fear, anger, surprise, pain, wonder, shock, sorrow, etc by means of interjections: O!, Ah!, Oh!, Au!, Welcome!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Wow!, etc .

A baby cries on its advent to this earth and makes the near and dear elated by its presence but it may not have any purpose of crying. A baby cries to express its hunger or pain as long later as it does not know how to speak. In the later stages, it will therefore have some purpose to cry. An old man who is bed-ridden, grumbles, growls, rumbles, etc to draw the attention of the other dwellers in the house. The act of grumbling or bemoaning serves as an instrument of expression or communication. As a result, some one who listens to the old man attends to him promptly and positively. A player during the game encourages his fellow players by shouting with the expressions like “Well done!”, “Excellent!”, “Lovely”, etc. A man in troubles shouts or cries so that the people for help and so someone will come to his rescue. 

One expresses one’s impatience, intolerance, disgust, frustration, hesitation, sorrow, etc by uttering certain expressions to oneself. If something goes against one’s expectations in spite of one's best efforts or trials, one scratches, pinches or hits the head by the hand and utter certain sounds (or expressions) to express one’s feelings of impatience, intolerance or nervousness.

Emotional Expressions
There are certain commonest linguistic expressions: ‘Damn it’, ‘What a sight’, etc. which are used to express one’s intolerance, disgust, anger etc with certain expressions or utterances though none else is there to listen to one. Utterances to express emotions, according to David Crystal, are to “get rid of our nervous energy when we are under stress”. Such utterances are mere expressions but not “the communication of ideas” in the absence of a person to listen to the speaker as David Crystal says, "An old man leans his walking stick against a wall, but it falls all over. He tries several times, and it falls all the times. He roundly curses the walking stick". He curses the walking stick by some utterance though he has no person to communicate with about its fall. He just expresses his emotion of nervousness by cursing the walking stick impatiently. 

Social Interactions
There are greetings, utterances, words of emotions, claps, etc to communicate certain feelings, emotions, etc.

i. Utterances

When a baby sneezes, the listener says “God bless you a long life!” when ‘X’, a grown-up does the same while eating, ‘Y’ says, “Bless you” or “All the Best” and ‘X’ responds to say, “Thank you”. This all takes place not to communicate ideas but “rather to maintain a comfortable relation between people”.

ii. Polite Expressions

People use the expressions of social civilities along with the tilt of their eyebrows and all their moods and manners that play an important role in the maintenance of social relations. By the use of ‘please’ and ‘thank you’, ‘sorry’ and ‘never mind’, etc. as A. G. Gardiner says in his essay ‘On Saying, Please’, “We keep the machine of life oiled and running sweetly. The event of not saying “please” injures self-respect and causes humiliation on the part of the listener.” ‘Please’, “thank you’, ‘sorry’, ‘never mind’, etc. are not mere words or phrases to communicate with fellow people but to maintain social relations with them. If a wrong doer politely seeks apology by saying "Sorry or extremely sorry", the victim says "Never Mind" though the wrong doer hurts him. Certain words, expressing manners make the society run in a smooth manner. Whether one's communication is soft or harsh depends on one's expressions or utterances in a given situation.

iii. Greetings

Greetings like “Good Morning”, “Hello”, “Good Luck”, “A Happy Journey”, etc are used for the purpose of maintaining human relations in society but not for the communication of ideas in the usual sense. Well wishing is for well-being and well keeping. Not only greetings but also pleasantries reflect one's cordial concerns and relations with the other.

iv. Semi-Linguistic Noises

Interjections are words to express sudden feelings or emotions. They are according to David Crystal, “Semi-Linguistic noises” but they have linguistic and literary function in language. Interjections: ‘wow!’, ‘ugh!’, ‘ouch!’ etc are noises providing “an outlet for our attitudes while we speak”. The emotional interjections, Ah!, Au!, Pshaw!, Alas!, etc are used to express the involuntary exclamations of pain, pleasure, surprise, sorrow, etc.

v. Claps (Applause or Otherwise)

Claps, during speaking, show that the speech is interesting. When the audiences are under good impressions with the ideas convincing, reasonable and interesting, they clap as an indication of the joy of concurrence. When the speech is boring, the audiences are likely to clap in a different way to disagree with the speaker.

vi. The Power of Sound

Laborers sing songs to feel inspired by their melody, tone and content to work happily and forget their strain of reality at work. Children play while singing rhymes to maintain rhythms. Boatmen have their own songs called ‘boat songs’ sung during rowing. The power of sound, ‘the sonic potential of language’ leaves inspiration and positive effect on the users or listeners.

vii. Gestures

Smiles bloomed in faces spread cordial atmosphere. The smile of a beloved keeps her lover happy. The smile of a teacher reflects his or her love and care for the students. Positive facial expressions leave good impact for the sunshine of atmosphere in society. Nods reflect to agree. Shakes display to disagree though nods and shakes of the head are gestures. 

Human Communication Vs Animal Communication
There is a clear-cut contrast between human communication and animal communication. Human communication has verbal (spoken and written) and non-verbal communication (body language) whereas animal communication has characteristic or limited sounds. Birds and animals have a limited number of sounds to attract one another. Male animals and birds attract the female ones by their respective sounds. The hen makes some sound repeatedly as a sign of danger or risk to its chicks when it expects some dangerous incident to them. Any how the animals make limited sounds in contrast with human beings who are ‘homo sapiens’ and ‘species specific’ by virtue of their speaking, the art of speaking, the skill of skills and the gift of gifts.

Significance of Verbal Communication
Speaking is a reflection of thoughts and an outlet of emotions. One’s thoughts must be clear to enable one to speak clearly. One should use speaking inevitably to give, extract or transmit information in normal and everyday situations. One can clearly communicate with others when one has clear basic-verbal communication. The way one speaks decides whether one gets friends or enemies. One can impress others by one’s impressive and pleasing communication. Interpersonal skills are to be in practice for harmonious relations with officials, colleagues, businesspersons, fellow-beings, strangers, etc. One should know what matters much in speaking to be amicable and amiable to others. John Morley says it clearly. “Three things matter in speaking; who says it, how he says it and what he says. And of the three the last matters the least”. Basic verbal communication enables one to communicate with others without much aptness or correctness of language that is required for effective Verbal Communication on all occasions.

Kinds of Activities to Promote Speaking Skill
Students promote their communication skills by practicing face-to-face conversations, telephone conversation, video conferencing, negotiating, debate, role play, public speaking (extempore or prepared), interview skills, JAM (Just A Minute Sessions), descriptions of objects, situations and people, information transfer, asking for and giving directions, group discussions, situational dialogues Oral reporting, etc. One should be thorough in presenting all the activities of speaking by knowing the procedure and objectives for a successful interaction in different socio-cultural and professional contexts and situations.

Extra Activities a Must
One can achieve the art of effective communication, especially as a student by practicing the other activities like story telling, joking, sharing sessions, etc. It is also highly essential to listen, to speak, to read and to write with a rapt attention to accomplish mastery in the field of one’s profession. One should make a note that one can achieve accuracy and fluency by the study of novels, biographies, magazines, journals, etc. One should have a rich treasury of vocabulary to be an accomplished speaker or writer. One needs an adequate treasure of word-knowledge to present any speaking activity at ease without fumbling or stumbling for words and junk (filling) words. One proceeds to speak effortlessly, spontaneously and fluently in different socio-cultural professional contexts when one possesses the knowledge of vocabulary: synonyms and antonyms, prefixes and suffixes, word-origins, one-word substitutes, idioms and phrases, etc. To have command over English, one ought to follow the TIS rule (Think it, ink it and sink it). To enrich one’s language, one should be conversant with idioms and phrases. The WIN principle: Word-treasure, Idioms and phrases and No flaws of grammar and pronunciation for effective communication. One's command over a language enables one to speak successfully, making the audiences spellbound. 

Right Style and Right Word for a Right Cause
The speaker of any activity is supposed to select the appropriate style and the right language to suit the context, situation or setting. When one speaks to friends, relatives of equal age and equals, one resorts to informal style without minding politeness, social behavior, etc. In a formal presentation, the speaker ought to judge the standards of audiences to the extent possible and employ language and style to make his presentation enjoyable. One employs the formal language when one refers to officials, superiors, strangers and so on as a mark of respect. One expresses in a formal way: “If you could lend your helping hand, I should feel rewarded for it.” “Could you please forgive me if I am wrong?” Sometimes one uses strong language without minding any thing when one is confident of a fact or truth in the matter. “He did it all wrong. He was foolish to do so”. There is blunt language which is used without minding to hurt others.” To speak the truth, you are not at all fit for the job.” “Your status is too low to be in their professional matters. They encourage their customers by using inspirational language. A doctor has to inspire a serious patient saying, “You are going to be all right. I am sure of that”. A teacher can encourage a failed student with his inspirational words, “If you work a little harder than before you will be able to get through the ensuing examination. I have confidence in you. Failures are stepping stones to success.” He should never say, “You will fail many times.” The student consequently feels despondent rather than confident. In the same way, the other professionals have to deal in their professional matters to be successful.

Some use harsh language without minding or knowing to hurt the feelings of others. For example, a boss may say to his subordinate, “You, foolish .You have spoilt the system and it is beyond repair.” Similarly, a doctor says, “You are to die soon.” It will be very harsh and disheartening to the patient.

Some are open and frank in expressing their views in a direct language rather than in a diplomatic language, “I am sure. You are capable of doing the work assigned.”

To sum up, it is inevitably prominent on the part of the speaker to speak to people in a style and a language suitable to the social context and the prevalent situation. The speaker must be meticulous about accuracy of language and pronunciation and the positive body language for the presentation of communication of skills in a quite effective manner. 

At the outset, one should have a strong and persistent desire for the swiftness of progress in communication through initiation and practice of verbal or oral activities. One gains confidence through preparation. Lincoln used to prepare himself before speaking with the subject widening and enlarging in his mind. In the same way, famous speakers prepare their addresses well in advance. One should promote strong memory to present one’s speaking as per his plan. Change of pitch , vary the rate of speaking, bearing smiling face, good start arousing curiosity in the audience, raising a laugh, quoting fitting verse of poetry, suitable conclusion etc. are essential factors of communication. The body’s physical movements that communicate volumes without words must express one’s activeness and sharpness. One should therefore be aware of Kinesics (nonverbal communication): personal appearance, postures, gestures, facial expressions, eye- contact etc. Proxemics, a study of physical space in interpersonal relations tells the importance of space to signal power and status in professional dealings. It is the part of cultural variation. At the same time, one should be conversant about para-linguistics that deals with quality (the unique voice), volume, rate of words per minute, pauses for speaking effect etc. Finally, one should be conscious of cronemics, the study of time followed for participation or presentation.

Levels of Communication Skills
“Effective communication is the back bone of success.” The speaker must be sharp enough and have acuity to judge the standards, aptitude and mood of the listeners or the audiences before performing a speaking activity. Students or employees are successful in their fields when they have effective communication. All especially the students need to practice all verbal skills to have a successful future career. The levels of the communication skills of students are as follows.

1) The students with ordinary skills have stock expressions by which they convey their thoughts, ideas, experiences, etc. They can express thoughts by means of broken sentences, broken spoken English, incomplete thoughts, use of mixed languages, etc. 

2) The students with moderate skills are somewhat better than those with ordinary skills are in their communication for they know the principles of grammar. The use of correct, chaste and pure language by means of the rules of grammar: Singulars, plurals, Persons, Agreement of the verb with the subject, conjugation of verbs, actives and passives, direct and indirect speaking, analyses of simple, compound and complex sentences, synthesis of sentences, degrees of comparison, figures of speaking, so on. They consequently frame correct sentences but they lack in the skill of pronunciation and the knowledge the positive body language. The life of language is grammar: the appropriate use of verb (tense) form, the correct sequence of words and appropriate use of words: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, articles; punctuation marks, etc. One must know a clear-cut distinction between the active voice and the passive voice. One student wrote a letter to his father regarding his payment of fees: “I was paid fees yesterday” did not know what it meant for him. What he meant is different from what it meant. People use passives where actives are used. In the same way “I was completed Intermediate”,” I was bought the text book” etc are due to inadequate knowledge of grammar. Another student wrote in his letter, “I am well and I hope that you are in the same well.” What he thinks of conveying in his letter is different from what the sentence means. He thinks of the correspondent’s well-being but the sentence does not mean so.

One must be very careful about the use of adverbs in the correct position. In a chart of principles, a sentence with the use of an adverb in a wrong way conveys differently. For example, “Students shall follow the principles that College evolved scrupulously.” Here the sentence means differently from what the framer means. It means that the principles were evolved scrupulously .Here the position of adverb is wrong. In fact, it is to be written as “Students shall scrupulously follow the principles that college evolved.” What one learns from the use is that one should be very careful about the arrangement of words since the structure gives life to a sentence. A student with the knowledge of grammar can express and communicate clearly without ambiguity, confusion, etc. The mistakes made by non-native speakers are innumerable and they are “common mistakes”. The speaker must be meticulous about the appropriate use of nouns, verbs, adjectives, question tags, pronouns (Objective and Subjective), relative pronouns, singulars, plurals, articles, prepositions, words, sequences, etc.

3) The students with good skills certainly have an edge over those with moderate skills, as they are good at grammar and pronunciation. Communication with good skills is a better category than that of communication with moderate skills as the accuracy of language and the aptness of pronunciation are maintained in it. The speaker ought to have the knowledge of accurate pronunciation with the right tone, accent and intonation apart from that of correct and appropriate language with structural and syntactical patterns. The most standard pronunciation to be followed is ‘the Received Pronunciation’ (RP) which is accepted as the most standard one all over the world. It is the non native speakers who face the problem of pronunciation as their languages are phonetic as their pronunciation sounds in accordance with spelling and so the non-native speakers are under the influence of their respective Mother Tongues’ Influence (MTI) on their English. They mispronounce many English words and let the listeners identify their respective mother tongue because of MTI on them. English is different from other languages especially Indian languages because they are phonetic but English is not. Indians tend to let others know their identity or mother tongue or lingua franca when they speak English. Bernard Shaw once said, “No matter how well is man dressed or behaved, he betrays his origin the moment he opens his mouth. This holds true for an Indian.” When one aims at achieving excellent pronunciation, one must make meticulous efforts to minimize and overcome Mother Tongue’s influence (MTI) on one’s English pronunciation, stress and intonation. Certain letters in words receive stress and others do not. One must be very meticulous regarding the stress shift and the pronunciation of adjectives, verbs and nouns. One should refer to the dictionary to know the appropriate pronunciation of words and the rising and falling tones of intonation, etc.

4) A student with excellent skills stands better than that with good skills of communication minds the accuracy of language and the aptness of pronunciation which alone are not enough to make one’s communication impressive and effective. Apart from the correctness of language and the aptness of pronunciation, the positive body language with its gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact, etc. is very essential on the part of the speaker to be successful in effective communication in all situations and contexts. The student with excellent skills stands best in the art of speaking.

We should ‘get in touch with the way the other person feels. Feelings are 55 percent body language, 38 percent tone and 7 percent words’ as quoted in Communication Skills for Engineers. The facial expression plays more an important role on the part of the speaker than postures. The speaker can make his speaking interesting by attracting the attention of audience by virtue of eye contact. According to Patricia Ball, “To effectively communicate, it’s not always what you say, but your body says that makes the difference.”

The student with excellent communication skills builds up confidence to have competence to speak in all situations. He is bold and fearless to speak to audiences. He modulates his speaking to be convincing and interesting to the audience. The excellent presentation mainly depends on the eyes, the voice, the expression, the appearance (dress style) and postures. The success of one’s speaking mainly rests on the correctness of language and pronunciation with a felicity of expressions, a mosaic of quotations, a fine array of idioms, a series of examples in the comprehension of the content, fluency (speaking flow), and preeminently the positive body language with gestures, straight standing and brisk walking, postures, eye-contact, facial expressions, etc. The presenter can attain authority over speaking by presenting the points, to be precise five or six, in a logical order. One can make one’s presentation more effective and impressive by the use of visual aids and information charts.

Conclusion
The world in the 21st century with its growing challenges invites students with the command or proficiency of English in the global employment market. A student with great or excellent communication skills; the accuracy of language, the aptness of pronunciation and the positive body language should be competitive enough to reach his goal and have victory in the competitive job market. He builds up excellent career and comes up with flying-colors in all the fields. A manager with excellent communication skills is successful in his professions. Managerial skills depend on how he communicates or interacts with others. The heads of all departments are supposed to have command over communication for harmonious co-ordination and smooth administration. It is the excellent art of speaking which bestows on all especially on the students the reward of employment and success in life. 

References
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  5. Krishna Srinivas. K. & Kuberudu. B. Business Communication and Soft Skills. Excel Books, New Delhi, 2008.
  6. Sood, SD (ed) & Others. Developing Language Skills. Manohar Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2005.
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  9. Dale CarneGie. How to Develop Self-Confidence & Influence People by Public Speaking. Sulabh Publications, 2003, Agra – 3.
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Published
CLRI Contemporary Literary Review India
Nov-2020 Vol. 7 No. 4